Introduction-
Neoplasm :-It is a uncoordinated abnormal excessive growth of tissues that persist in growing after removal of original trigger ,this process called Neoplasm or Growth of Neoplasm.
It is classified into 4 main groups:-
a. Benign Carcinoma
b. In situ Carcinoma
c. Malignant Carcinoma
d. Secondary Carcinoma
Table of Contents
Types of Carcinoma-
a. Benign Carcinoma:-These are over growth in epithelial tissues which shows dysplastic changes, these cells are not cancerous but can cause significant bleeding and pain ,it should need to be removed. These cells are circumscribed and does not spread or transfer into cancerous cells.
Example- benign carcinoma can occur in lung and compress the trachea and make the person unable to breath.
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b. In situ Carcinoma:- These are localized and do not destroy the surrounding tissues but may transform into cancerous cells.
Example- Ductal carcinoma or DCIS.
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c. Malignant Carcinoma-They spread from their origin site through metastasis .They completely show dysplastic changes, they develop in epithelial cells which lines the inner surface of the body.
Example- It can be;-
i) Local-Throughout the layer of the skin.
ii) Lymphatic- Through lymphatic vessel and node.
iii) Hematogenous- Through arteries and veins.
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d. Secondary Carcinoma-It is either metastatic of primary tumor or an apparently unrelated tumor that increase in sudden cancer treatment like chemotherapy.
The agent causing carcinogenesis are known as Carcinogens.
Carcinogen are broadly divided 4 groups:-
a) Physical Carcinogen
b) Chemical Carcinogen
c) Hormonal Carcinogen
d) Biological Carcinogen
a) Physical Carcinogen:-Radiation like ultra violet radiation can cause skin cancer
Non-radiation such as mechanical injuries like stone cutting using of liberating tools.
b) Chemical Carcinogen :-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound which is found in tobacco, smoking ,passive smoking are responsible of carcinogen.
c) Hormonal Carcinogen:-Excessive use of oral contraceptive pills ,anabolic steroid ,estrogen, androgen are responsible for carcinogenesis.
Ex:-Contraceptive pills.
d) Biological Carcinogen:- DNA virus like Papovaviral, Herpes virus ,adenovirus,
RNA virus like retrovirus .
Clinical aspect of the Neoplasia:-
- Local effect:- It is compression, obstruction, destruction, infarction in tissue.
- Cancer Cachexia:– It is combined syndrome of generalized weakness, extreme weight loss, anorexia.
- FEVER.
- Paraneoplastic syndrome:-It is combination of multiple sign and symptoms of other organ were Carcinoma persist.
- Endocrine Syndrome such as Hypocalcemia, Hypoglycemia, Cushing syndrome.
- Blood disorder syndrome such as Polycythemia, Aplastic anemia, Leukemia.
- Digestive Syndrome such as decrease in peristalsis movement.
- Renal syndrome such as Nephrotic Syndrome, Proteinuria, anemia.
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